There are two parts to our immune system: the adaptive immune system and the innate system. The only thing you need to understand about the difference between them is the innate system is focused on simply killing the pathogen and getting rid of the threat as quickly as possible, while the adaptive immune system uses the antigen and antibody sequence to remember pathogens, shutting them down immediately if they re-infect the body. Essentially, each bacteria has specific antigens on its surface that distinguish it from other strains. Once infected a first time, the body will develop antibodies that can bind only to the specific antigen. These antibodies remain in the body indefinitely and can identify the antigens and therefore the bacterial strain, and stimulate an immune response to kill the pathogenic bacteria before it turns into an infection, anytime in the future. Studies have found that a common benefit of phage therapy is that the patient can see prolonged periods of tolerance to the bacterial strain of up to 32 weeks. This showcases that the active immune system has the potential to develop long-term resistance towards bacterial infections, something that was previously unable to be done.

In order to activate the production of antibacterial antibodies, the B lymphocytes need to recognize an antigen and then develop the corresponding antibody. We can accomplish that through phage therapy assisted with transduction particles. The first step is to use phage display technology to identify required antigens for the bacteria we are targeting. The advent of phages has allowed for new technologies that can help identify the correct and most effective antigen for a given infection through phage display technology that aims to map phage-peptide relationships. Through a process called biopanning, the correct binding antigen is selected, washed and checked to see whether it can be used with the phage.After that, would engineer those specific antigens on the surface of the transduction particles. This would be done during the phage engineering process before the bacteriophage enters the body.

This way, once the B lymphocytes arrive and engulf the transduction particles, they will detect the antigen and start the production of the antibody. Simply put, we are tricking the B lymphocytes into thinking the transduction particles are pathogenic bacteria, because the same antigen is on both surfaces, and that is the primary identification mechanism for the B cells.

In order to activate the production of antibacterial antibodies, the B lymphocytes need to recognize an antigen and then develop the corresponding antibody. We can accomplish that through phage therapy assisted with transduction particles. The first step is to use phage display technology to identify required antigens for the bacteria we are targeting. The advent of phages has allowed for new technologies that can help identify the correct and most effective antigen for a given infection through phage display technology that aims to map phage-peptide relationships. Through a process called biopanning, the correct binding antigen is selected, washed and checked to see whether it can be used with the phage.After that, would engineer those specific antigens on the surface of the transduction particles. This would be done during the phage engineering process before the bacteriophage enters the body.

This way, once the B lymphocytes arrive and engulf the transduction particles, they will detect the antigen and start the production of the antibody. Simply put, we are tricking the B lymphocytes into thinking the transduction particles are pathogenic bacteria, because the same antigen is on both surfaces, and that is the primary identification mechanism for the B cells.

The main issue is getting the adaptive immune system, the B lymphocytes, to the targeted location, because traditionally only the innate immune system would be activated. Neuvae’s solution uses bacteriophages as the link to stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune system. As soon as the custom bacteriophage targets one bacteria the transduction particles are released. Once the cell is lysed, an immune response is automatically activated, thanks to the antigen expression on their surface. The transduction particles would also be released and would multiply and continue to spread towards other bacteria and disable their resistance mechanisms and massively decrease their reproduction rate.

Traditionally, only phagocytes from the innate immune response would appear and kill the transduction particles and the bacteriophages. However, phages are extremely unique because they have a natural affinity for B lymphocytes. This causes B lymphocytes to also appear at the scene. When the B cells engulf the transduction particles, the antigen expression on the transduction particles will allow the B cells to develop a long-term memory to the antigens and its genetic information thanks to the process of general genetic transduction. The b cell will detect the antigen on its surface and begin the production of antibodies. Anytime in the future if that bacteria causes an infection, the antibodies will identify and shut it down early. This also presents a unique opportunity to build a business model recurring around boosting your immunity every year or so, making the recurring nature.